Molecules

16 pages, 2160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Steaming Treatment on the Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Components in the Brown Alga Sargassum fusiforme

by Xinxin Liu, Yipeng Gu, Yihao Zhou, Ruiqi Zhang and Tomoyuki Koyama

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 6000; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29246000 - 19 Dec 2024

The brown alga Sargassum fusiforme (SF) is historically consumed as a food material in Japan. A steaming process is often required for SF products on the market due to their moderate hardness and astringent taste. This investigation aimed to elucidate the effect of [...] Read more.

The brown alga Sargassum fusiforme (SF) is historically consumed as a food material in Japan. A steaming process is often required for SF products on the market due to their moderate hardness and astringent taste. This investigation aimed to elucidate the effect of steaming on the anti-diabetic activity of SF and its related chemical components. Acetone extracts of SF were prepared after it were steamed for 0, 1, 2, or 4 h (SF-0h, SF-1h, SF-3h, and SF-4h, respectively). Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory profiles of each SF extract were made based on activity-guided separation. The active fractions were collected and NMR was applied for a further chemical composition analysis. Our results suggested that total polyphenol levels decreased drastically after steaming, which resulted in a drop in α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The fatty acid, pheophytin a, and pyropheophytin a contents were elevated significantly after steaming, which contributed to the majority of the activity of steamed SF (SF-1h). However, prolonging the steaming time did not significantly affect the activity of SF further since the content of free fatty acids in steamed SF (SF-2h and SF-4h) almost did not change with a longer time of steaming. Moreover, palmitic acid, 8-octadecenoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid were identified as the top three important fatty acids for the inhibition of α-glucosidase by steamed SF. Further molecular docking results revealed that these fatty acids could interact with residues of α-glucosidase via hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and hydrophobic interactions. In conclusion, steaming altered the α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of SF by changing the contents of polyphenols, fatty acids, and chlorophyll derivatives. Full article

14 pages, 387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensory Quality, Volatile Compounds, and Physical Properties of Sheep’s Milk Cheese with Herbs (Allium ursinum L.)

by Agnieszka Pluta-Kubica, Dorota Najgebauer-Lejko, Jacek Domagała, Jana Lakatošová, Marek Šnirc and Jozef Golian

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5999; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245999 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of wild garlic leaves on the sensory quality, volatiles, color, and texture of sheep milk soft rennet-curd cheese. The sensory evaluation of color, appearance, texture, odor, and taste was performed [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of wild garlic leaves on the sensory quality, volatiles, color, and texture of sheep milk soft rennet-curd cheese. The sensory evaluation of color, appearance, texture, odor, and taste was performed using a 5-point scale. The intensity of selected taste and odor discriminants was also assessed. Volatiles were analyzed by the GC-MS method. Color and textural characteristics were determined instrumentally. The wild garlic addition had no effect on the sensory characteristics of the cheese (p > 0.05). However, cheese with herbs exhibited a less intensive sour odor (p ≤ 0.05), sheep’s milk odor, and taste (p ≤ 0.01). (E)-7-methyl-4-decene, dichloroacetic acid undecyl ester, and 3,5-dimethyl-octane, described as creamy, acetic, and acid pungent in smell, were not detected in the cheese with wild garlic while they were present in the natural one. Moreover, herbal cheese was more piquant (p ≤ 0.01). PCA showed that the differences in volatiles resulted both from the use of wild garlic and the time of storage. Herbal addition affected almost all color characteristics, except for the hue angle (h), but caused an increase only in hardness and chewiness. In conclusion, wild garlic leaves can be recommended as an additive in the production of soft sheep’s milk rennet-curd cheese. Full article

20 pages, 17223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Glycerol-Plasticized Edible Films Made from Pea Protein-Based Emulsions Containing Increasing Concentrations of Candelilla Wax or Oleic Acid

by Dariusz Kowalczyk, Waldemar Kazimierczak, Emil Zięba, Magdalena Lis and Monika Wawrzkiewicz

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5998; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245998 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Hydrophobization could improve the moisture resistance of biopolymer-based materials, depending on the methods and materials used, providing benefits for packaging applications. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of increasing concentrations (0–2.0%) of candelilla wax (CW) and oleic acid (OA) [...] Read more.

Hydrophobization could improve the moisture resistance of biopolymer-based materials, depending on the methods and materials used, providing benefits for packaging applications. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of increasing concentrations (0–2.0%) of candelilla wax (CW) and oleic acid (OA) on the structural and physicochemical properties, including water affinity, of glycerol-plasticized pea protein isolate (PPI) films. OA acidified the film-forming solution and increased its viscosity more effectively than CW. At the highest concentration, OA prevented cohesive film formation, indicating a weakening of protein self-interaction. OA caused less yellowing, matting, and a smaller reduction in UV/VIS light transmittance compared to CW. Both lipids caused a slight reduction in the films’ water content. Phase separation (creaming) of CW enhanced surface hydrophobicity, resulting in a greater reduction in water vapor permeability than OA (~37–63% vs. 2–18%). The addition of lipids did not reduce film solubility or water absorption, and OA even increased these parameters. Increasing lipid content decreased the mechanical strength and stretchability of the films by 28–37% and 18–43%, respectively. The control film exhibited low heat-sealing strength (0.069 N/mm), which improved by 42% and 52% with the addition of CW and OA at optimal levels. Full article

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22 pages, 435 KiB

Open AccessReview

Endosomal Escape and Nuclear Localization: Critical Barriers for Therapeutic Nucleic Acids

by Randall Allen and Toshifumi Yokota

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5997; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245997 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs) including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) have emerged as promising treatment strategies for a wide variety of diseases, offering the potential to modulate gene expression with a high degree of specificity. These small, synthetic nucleic acid-like [...] Read more.

Therapeutic nucleic acids (TNAs) including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) have emerged as promising treatment strategies for a wide variety of diseases, offering the potential to modulate gene expression with a high degree of specificity. These small, synthetic nucleic acid-like molecules provide unique advantages over traditional pharmacological agents, including the ability to target previously “undruggable” genes. Despite this promise, several biological barriers severely limit their clinical efficacy. Upon administration, TNAs primarily enter cells through endocytosis, becoming trapped inside membrane-bound vesicles known as endosomes. Studies estimate that only 1–2% of TNAs successfully escape endosomal compartments to reach the cytosol, and in some cases the nucleus, where they bind target mRNA and exert their therapeutic effect. Endosomal entrapment and inefficient nuclear localization are therefore critical bottlenecks in the therapeutic application of TNAs. This review explores the current understanding of TNA endosomal escape and nuclear transport along with strategies aimed at overcoming these challenges, including the use of endosomal escape agents, peptide-TNA conjugates, non-viral delivery vehicles, and nuclear localization signals. By improving both endosomal escape and nuclear localization, significant advances in TNA-based therapeutics can be realized, ultimately expanding their clinical utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Biology)

38 pages, 13991 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Flame Retardant Technologies for Epoxy Resins: Chemical Grafting onto Carbon Fiber Techniques, Reactive Agents, and Applications in Composite Materials

by Omar Dagdag and Hansang Kim

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5996; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245996 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

This review examines recent advancements in flame retardant technologies for epoxy and bio-epoxy resins, focusing on the chemical grafting of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) onto carbon fibers (CFs) and the use of reactive flame retardant agents in composite materials. It covers various grafting techniques and [...] Read more.

This review examines recent advancements in flame retardant technologies for epoxy and bio-epoxy resins, focusing on the chemical grafting of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) onto carbon fibers (CFs) and the use of reactive flame retardant agents in composite materials. It covers various grafting techniques and analyzes mechanisms behind property enhancements, exploring how these approaches improve thermal stability and flame resistance while addressing sustainability challenges. This review discusses the synergistic effects of bio-based materials and innovative grafting methods. It presents applications of flame-retardant epoxy–carbon fiber composites, demonstrating the potential of HCCP-CF composites as high-performance, environmentally friendly structural materials. Additionally, this review evaluates the impact on mechanical properties and interfacial bonding, crucial aspects often affected by flame retardant treatments. This comprehensive overview provides valuable insights, identifying current challenges, future directions, and potential breakthroughs in the field of advanced composite materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epoxy Resin Synthesis, Performance and Application Research)

15 pages, 3549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximizing Nano-Silica Efficiency in Laboratory-Simulated Recycled Concrete Aggregate via Prior Accelerated Carbonation: An Effective Strategy to Up-Cycle Construction Wastes

by Cheng-Gong Lu, Xiu-Cheng Zhang and Xue-Fei Chen

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5995; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245995 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Herein, the study explores a composite modification approach to enhance the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in sustainable construction by combining accelerated carbonation (AC) and nano-silica immersion (NS). RCA, a major source of construction waste, faces challenges in achieving comparable properties to [...] Read more.

Herein, the study explores a composite modification approach to enhance the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in sustainable construction by combining accelerated carbonation (AC) and nano-silica immersion (NS). RCA, a major source of construction waste, faces challenges in achieving comparable properties to virgin aggregates. Nano-silica, a potent pozzolan, is added to fill micro-cracks and voids in RCA, improving its bonding and strength. AC pretreatment accelerates RCA’s natural carbonation, forming calcium carbonate that strengthens the aggregate and reduces porosity. Due to the complexity of the original RCA, a laboratory-simulated RCA (LS-RCA) is used in this study for the mechanism analysis. Experimental trials employing the composite methodology have exhibited noteworthy enhancements, with the crushing index diminishing by approximately 23% and water absorption rates decreasing by up to 30%. Notably, the modification efficacy is more pronounced when applied to RCA derived from common-strength concrete (w/c of 0.5) as compared to high-strength concrete (w/c of 0.35). This disparity stems from the inherently looser structural framework and greater abundance of detrimental crystal structures in the former, which impede strength. Through a synergistic interaction, the calcium carbonate content undergoes a substantial increase, nearly doubling, while the proportion of calcium hydrate undergoes a concurrent reduction of approximately 30%. Furthermore, the combined modification effect leads to a 15% reduction in total porosity and a constriction of the average pore diameter by roughly 20%, ultimately resulting in pore refinement that equates the performance of samples with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.5 to those with a ratio of 0.35. This remarkable transformation underscores the profound modification potential of the combination approach. This study underscores the efficacy of harnessing accelerated carbonation in conjunction with nano-silica as a strategic approach to optimizing the utilization of RCA in concrete mixes, thereby bolstering their performance metrics and enhancing sustainability. Full article

15 pages, 5388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrostatic Spray Drying of a Milk Protein Matrix—Impact on Maillard Reactions

by Doll Chutani, Todor Vasiljevic, Thom Huppertz and Eoin Murphy

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5994; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245994 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Electrostatic spray drying (ESD) of a milk protein matrix comprising whey protein isolate (WPI), skim milk powder (SMP), and lactose was compared to conventional spray drying (CSD) and freeze-drying (FD). ESD and CSD were used to produce powders at low (0.12–0.14), medium (0.16–0.17), [...] Read more.

Electrostatic spray drying (ESD) of a milk protein matrix comprising whey protein isolate (WPI), skim milk powder (SMP), and lactose was compared to conventional spray drying (CSD) and freeze-drying (FD). ESD and CSD were used to produce powders at low (0.12–0.14), medium (0.16–0.17), and high (0.31–0.36) levels of water activity (a_w), while FD powders targeted low a_w (0.12). Maillard reaction indicators were studied after drying and during storage for up to 28 days at 20, 40, or 60 °C by measuring free -NH₂ groups, as an indicator of available lysine, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). After drying, levels of residual free -NH₂ groups were ~15% higher in ESD and FD powders than in their CSD counterparts. CSD powders also had ~14% higher HMF concentrations compared to their ESD and FD counterparts. Storage led to reductions in free -NH₂ groups and increases in HMF content in all powders, the extent of which increased with increasing storage temperature. Reductions in free -NH₂ groups followed first-order reaction kinetics at 20 and 40 °C but second-order reaction kinetics at 60 °C. Lactose crystallization was detected in high-a_w CSD powders after 14 d at 40 °C and in both CSD and ESD powders after 7 d at 60 °C. Overall, we found that ESD is a gentle drying technology which enables production of powders with lower Maillard reaction markers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Food Chemistry—3rd Edition)

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26 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis Profiling of 48 Endogenous Amino Acids and Related Compounds in Human Plasma Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

by Xiongwei Yin, Irene Baldoni, Erwin Adams and Ann Van Schepdael

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5993; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245993 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Analyzing and detecting endogenous amino acids in blood is of crucial importance for the diagnosis of medical conditions and scientific research. Considering the lack of UV chromophores in most of these analytes and the presence of several interfering substances in plasma, the quantification [...] Read more.

Analyzing and detecting endogenous amino acids in blood is of crucial importance for the diagnosis of medical conditions and scientific research. Considering the lack of UV chromophores in most of these analytes and the presence of several interfering substances in plasma, the quantification of quite a few amino acids and related compounds presents certain technical challenges. As a blank plasma matrix lacking these endogenous substances does not exist, the surrogate matrix method is used, as well as isotopic internal standards for calibration, to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the study. Method validation was conducted for 48 target analytes, giving the following results: linearity (R² at least 0.99), limit of quantification (from 0.65 to 173.44 μM), precision (intra-day and inter-day RSD for LQC ranged from 3.2% to 14.2%, for MQC from 2.0% to 13.6%, and for HQC from 1.6% to 11.3%), accuracy, recovery, and stability of the method (all complied with the guidelines). To further investigate the applicability of this method to large-scale sample analysis, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of amino acids in plasma samples collected from 20 control individuals, demonstrating its wide application scope for clinical diagnosis and metabolic research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Chemistry in Europe: Towards Sustainability and Quality of Life, 2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phosphine Oxide Indenoquinoline Derivatives: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation as Topoisomerase I Inhibitors and Antiproliferative Agents

by Alba Rodriguez-Paniagua, Cinzia Tesauro, Birgitta R. Knudsen, Maria Fuertes and Concepción Alonso

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5992; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245992 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

The synthesis of phosphorous indenoquinolines and their biological evaluation as topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibitors and antiproliferative agents were performed. First, the preparation of new hybrid 5H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolines with a phosphine oxide group was performed by a two-step Povarov-type [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction [...] Read more.

The synthesis of phosphorous indenoquinolines and their biological evaluation as topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibitors and antiproliferative agents were performed. First, the preparation of new hybrid 5H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolines with a phosphine oxide group was performed by a two-step Povarov-type [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction between the corresponding phosphorated aldimines with indene in the presence of BF₃·Et₂O. Subsequent oxidation of the methylene present in the structure resulted in the corresponding indeno[2,1-c]quinolin-7-one phosphine oxides 10. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated as TOP1 inhibitors showing higher inhibition values than CPT at prolonged incubation times (5 min). Inhibition of TOP1 was even observed after 30 min of incubation. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were also studied against different cancer cell lines and a non-cancerous cell line. While some compounds showed cytotoxicity against some cancerous cells, none of the compounds showed any cytotoxicity against the non-cancerous cell line, MRC-5, in contrast to CPT, which exhibits high toxicity against this cell line. These results represent a very interesting advance since the heterocyclic phosphine oxide derivatives have important properties as TOP1 inhibitors and show an interesting cytotoxicity against different cell lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocycles in Medicinal Chemistry III)

30 pages, 3254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Novel Antiplasmodial Agents—Design, Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of Second-Generation β-Carboline/Chloroquine Hybrids

by Ana Penava, Marina Marinović, Lais Pessanha de Carvalho, Jana Held, Ivo Piantanida, Dijana Pavlović Saftić, Zrinka Rajić and Ivana Perković

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5991; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245991 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

As the resistance of Plasmodium to the existing antimalarials increases, there is a crucial need to expand the antimalarial drug pipeline. We recently identified potent antimalarial compounds, namely harmiquins, hybrids derived from the β-carboline alkaloid harmine and 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline, a key structural motif of [...] Read more.

As the resistance of Plasmodium to the existing antimalarials increases, there is a crucial need to expand the antimalarial drug pipeline. We recently identified potent antimalarial compounds, namely harmiquins, hybrids derived from the β-carboline alkaloid harmine and 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline, a key structural motif of chloroquine (CQ). To further explore the structure−activity relationship, we synthesised 13 novel hybrid compounds at the position N-9 of the β-carboline ring and evaluated their efficacy in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains (CQ sensitive and multi-drug resistant, respectively). All compounds exhibit persistent antimalarial activity against both strains of P. falciparum. The most interesting derivatives had low nanomolar activity against both strains (IC₅₀ (33) = 4.7 ± 1.3 nM against Pf3D7 and 6.5 ± 2.5 nM against PfDd2; IC₅₀ (37) = 4.6 ± 0.6 nM against 3D7 and 10.5 ± 0.4 nM against Dd2). Resistance indices (RIs) ranged from 0.9 to 5.3 compared to CQ (RI = 14.4), highlighting their superior consistency in activity against both strains. The cytotoxicity screening performed on HepG2 revealed over 3 orders of magnitude higher IC₅₀ for most of the compounds, with SIs from 711.0 to 8081.8. Spectroscopic studies explored the affinities of newly synthesised compounds for DNA, RNA, and HSA. Both tested hybrids, 34 and 39, were intrinsically fluorescent in an aqueous medium, characterised by remarkable Stokes shifts of emission maxima (Δλ = +103 and +93 nm for 34 and 39, respectively). Fluorimetric experiments revealed that compound 34, with its shorter and more flexible linker, exhibited at least an order of magnitude higher affinity toward ds-DNAs versus ds-RNA and two orders of magnitude higher affinity toward GC-DNAs compared to 39. The behaviour of the investigated compounds upon binding to HSA is very similar, showing a strong hypsochromic shift of the emission maximum (almost Δλ = −70 nm) and demonstrating their effectiveness as fluorimetric probes for distinguishing between DNA/RNA and proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Natural Products as Leads or Drugs against Neglected Tropical Diseases)

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16 pages, 2061 KiB

Open AccessReview

Specific Ion Effects in Hydrogels

by Vincent Ball

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5990; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245990 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Specific ion effects on the structure and function of many biological macromolecules, their associations, colloidal systems, interfacial phenomena, and even “simple” electrolytes solutions are ubiquitous. The molecular origin of such phenomena is discussed either as a salt-induced change of the water structure (the [...] Read more.

Specific ion effects on the structure and function of many biological macromolecules, their associations, colloidal systems, interfacial phenomena, and even “simple” electrolytes solutions are ubiquitous. The molecular origin of such phenomena is discussed either as a salt-induced change of the water structure (the hydrogen bond network) or some specific (solvent mediated) interactions of one or both of the ions of the electrolyte with the investigated co-solute (macromolecules or colloidal particles). The case of hydrogels is of high interest but is only marginally explored with respect to other physico-chemical systems because they are formed through the interactions of gelling agents in the presence of water and the added electrolyte. In addition, hydrogels in a physiological environment, in which they are used for biomedical applications, may be subjected to fluctuations in their ionic environment. In this review, specific ion effects on the properties of hydrogels (made from macromolecules or small-molecular-weight gelators) are reviewed and discussed. In particular, the importance of specific ion binding to the molecules constituting the gel network versus the effect of the same ions on the structure of water is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Macromolecular Chemistry)

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25 pages, 2394 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Activity of 1,8-Dihydroanthraquinone Derivatives in Nervous System Cancers

by Estera Okoń, Wirginia Kukula-Koch, Agata Jarząb, Katarzyna Gaweł-Bęben, Ewelina Bator, Magdalena Michalak-Tomczyk, Jacek Jachuła, Beata Antosiewicz-Klimczak, Adrian Odrzywolski, Wojciech Koch and Anna Wawruszak

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5989; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245989 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Primary and metastatic tumors of the nervous system represent a diverse group of neoplasms, each characterized by distinct biological features, prognostic outcomes, and therapeutic approaches. Due to their molecular complexity and heterogeneity, nervous system cancers (NSCs) pose significant clinical challenges. For decades, plants [...] Read more.

Primary and metastatic tumors of the nervous system represent a diverse group of neoplasms, each characterized by distinct biological features, prognostic outcomes, and therapeutic approaches. Due to their molecular complexity and heterogeneity, nervous system cancers (NSCs) pose significant clinical challenges. For decades, plants and their natural products with established anticancer properties have played a pivotal role in the treatment of various medical conditions, including cancers. Anthraquinone derivatives, a class of tricyclic secondary metabolites, are found in several botanical families, such as Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Rubiaceae. In a comprehensive review, recent advancements in the anticancer properties of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives—such as emodin, aloe-emodin, hypericin, chrysophanol, rhein, and physcion—were analyzed. These compounds have been studied extensively, both used individually and in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, using in vitro and in vivo models of nervous system tumors. It was demonstrated that 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives induce apoptosis and necrosis in cancerous cells, intercalate into DNA, disrupting transcription and replication in rapidly dividing cells, and alter ROS levels, leading to oxidative stress that damages tumor cells. Additionally, they can influence signaling pathways involved in oncogenesis, such as MAPK, PI3K/Akt, or others crucial for the survival and the proliferation of NSC cells. The exploration of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives aims to develop novel therapies that could overcome resistance and improve cancer patients’ outcomes. Full article

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31 pages, 13417 KiB

Open AccessReview

Interface Issues of Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Current Status, Recent Advances, Strategies, and Prospects

by Yongxin Kuang, Yanxue Wu, Hangyu Zhang and Huapeng Sun

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5988; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245988 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) hold significant promise in energy storage devices due to their low cost and abundant resources. Layered transition metal oxide cathodes (Na_xTMO₂, TM = Ni, Mn, Fe, etc.), owing to their high theoretical capacities and straightforward synthesis [...] Read more.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) hold significant promise in energy storage devices due to their low cost and abundant resources. Layered transition metal oxide cathodes (Na_xTMO₂, TM = Ni, Mn, Fe, etc.), owing to their high theoretical capacities and straightforward synthesis procedures, are emerging as the most promising cathode materials for SIBs. However, the practical application of the Na_xTMO₂ cathode is hindered by an unstable interface, causing rapid capacity decay. This work reviewed the critical factors affecting the interfacial stability and degradation mechanisms of Na_xTMO₂, including air sensitivity and the migration and dissolution of TM ions, which are compounded by the loss of lattice oxygen. Furthermore, the mainstream interface modification approaches for improving electrochemical performance are summarized, including element doping, surface engineering, electrolyte optimization, and so on. Finally, the future developmental directions of these layered Na_xTMO₂ cathodes are concluded. This review is meant to shed light on the design of superior cathodes for high-performance SIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrode Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion Devices)

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22 pages, 8876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sorption of Platinum and Palladium on Polyethylene Microplastics in Natural Water

by Sylwia Sajkowska and Barbara Leśniewska

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5987; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245987 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

In this work, for the first time, the sorption behaviour of platinum and palladium on polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) was studied. To simulate natural conditions, part of PE-MP was subjected to the ageing process in lake water under the influence of solar radiation. The [...] Read more.

In this work, for the first time, the sorption behaviour of platinum and palladium on polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) was studied. To simulate natural conditions, part of PE-MP was subjected to the ageing process in lake water under the influence of solar radiation. The original and aged PE-MP was characterised using elemental analysis, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and nitrogen porosimetry methods. The studies on Pt and Pd sorption on PE-MP were carried out in batch mode in natural lake water at pH 7.6. It was found that the ageing process led to the degradation of the surface of the PE-MP and the formation of a biofilm. The sorption process of Pt and Pd on PE-MP particles proceeds according to pseudo-second-order kinetics. A good fit of the experimental data to the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm model indicates the mixed nature of Pt and Pd sorption on PE-MP. It was clearly indicated that Pt and Pd sorption from natural waters can occur on the surface of inert polyethylene particles, which can lead to the preconcentration of these elements, even from waters with a very low content, and transferring them over longer distances. This poses a threat to the health of living organisms and humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Perspective on the Determination and Removal of Pollutants in the Environment)

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17 pages, 1896 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Anti-AGEing and RAGEing Potential of Isothiocyanates

by Bradley A. Krisanits, Bhoomika Kaur, Jed W. Fahey and David P. Turner

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5986; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245986 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Isothiocyanates (ITCs), found in edible plants such as cruciferous vegetables, are a group of reactive organo-sulfur phytochemicals produced by the hydrolysis of precursors known as glucosinolates. ITCs have been studied extensively both in vivo and in vitro to define their therapeutic potential for [...] Read more.

Isothiocyanates (ITCs), found in edible plants such as cruciferous vegetables, are a group of reactive organo-sulfur phytochemicals produced by the hydrolysis of precursors known as glucosinolates. ITCs have been studied extensively both in vivo and in vitro to define their therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic health conditions. Therapeutically, they have shown an intrinsic ability to inhibit oxidative and inflammatory phenotypes to support enhanced health. This review summarizes the current evidence supporting the observation that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ITCs temper the pathogenic effects of a group of reactive metabolites called advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGE exposure has significantly increased across the lifespan due to health risk factors that include dietary intake, a sedentary lifestyle, and comorbid conditions. By contributing to a chronic cycle of inflammatory stress through the aberrant activation of the transmembrane receptor for AGE (RAGE), increased AGE bioavailability is associated with chronic disease onset, progression, and severity. This review debates the potential molecular mechanisms by which ITCs may inhibit AGE bioavailability to reduce RAGE-mediated pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory phenotypes. Bringing to light the molecular impact that ITCs may have on AGE biogenesis may stimulate novel intervention strategies for reversing or preventing the impact of lifestyle factors on chronic disease risk. Full article

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48 pages, 12603 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Nanotheranostic Systems for Concurrent Cancer Imaging and Therapy: An Overview of the Last 5 Years

by Anna Małgorzata Lankoff, Malwina Czerwińska and Marcin Kruszewski

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5985; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245985 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

The rapid development of nanotechnology during the last two decades has created new opportunities to design and generate more advanced nanotheranostics with diversified capabilities for diagnosis, drug delivery, and treatment response monitoring in a single platform. To date, several approaches have been employed [...] Read more.

The rapid development of nanotechnology during the last two decades has created new opportunities to design and generate more advanced nanotheranostics with diversified capabilities for diagnosis, drug delivery, and treatment response monitoring in a single platform. To date, several approaches have been employed in order to develop nanotheranostics. The purpose of this review is to briefly discuss the key components of nanotheranostic systems, to present the conventional and upcoming imaging and therapeutic modalities that employ nanotheranostic systems, and to evaluate recent progress in the field of cancer nanotheranostic systems in the past five years (2020–2024). Special attention is focused on the design of cancer nanotheranostic systems, their composition, specificity, potential for multimodal imaging and therapy, and in vitro and in vivo characterization. Full article

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17 pages, 5566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Systems of Oleogels and Probiotic-Loaded Alginate Carriers for Potential Application in Cosmetics

by Anna Łętocha, Małgorzata Miastkowska, Elżbieta Sikora, Alicja Michalczyk, Marta Liszka-Skoczylas and Mariusz Witczak

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5984; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245984 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Oleogels (organogels) are systems resembling a solid substance based on the gelation of organic solvents (oil or non-polar liquid) through components of low molecular weight or oil-soluble polymers. Such compounds are organogelators that produce a thermoreversible three-dimensional gel network that captures liquid organic [...] Read more.

Oleogels (organogels) are systems resembling a solid substance based on the gelation of organic solvents (oil or non-polar liquid) through components of low molecular weight or oil-soluble polymers. Such compounds are organogelators that produce a thermoreversible three-dimensional gel network that captures liquid organic solvents. Oleogels based on natural oils are attracting more attention due to their numerous advantages, such as their unsaturated fatty acid contents, ease of preparation, and safety of use. As a result of the research, two oleogels were developed, into which freeze-dried alginate carriers with a probiotic, L. casei, were incorporated. Two techniques were used to produce probiotic-loaded capsules—extrusion and emulsification. Alginate beads obtained by the extrusion process have a size of approximately 1.2 mm, while much smaller microspheres were obtained using the emulsification technique, ranging in size from 8 to 17 µm. The trehalose was added as a cryoprotectant to improve the survival rate of probiotics in freeze-dried alginate carriers. The encapsulation efficiency for both of the methods applied, the emulsification and the extrusion technique, was high, with levels of 90% and 87%, respectively. The obtained results showed that the production method of probiotic-loaded microspheres influence the bacterial viability. The better strain survival in the developed systems was achieved in the case of microspheres produced by the emulsification (reduction in bacterial cell viability in the range of 1.98–3.97 log in silica oleogel and 2.15–3.81 log in sucragel oleogel after 7 and 30 days of storage) than by the extrusion technique (after a week and a month of oleogel storage, the decrease in cell viability was 2.52–4.52 log in silica oleogel and 2.48–4.44 log in sucragel oleogel). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Natural Ingredients in Skin Protection and Care)

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16 pages, 2622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Basal Medium on Polyphenol Accumulation in Shoot Cultures of Clerodendrum trichotomum and Clerodendrum colebrookianum

by Jan Gomulski, Marta Krzemińska, Magdalena Jochymek, Anna K. Kiss and Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5983; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245983 - 19 Dec 2024

Abstract

Plants of the Clerodendrum genus, known for their rich phytochemical profiles, are used in traditional Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Indian medicine to treat various ailments, including inflammation, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cancer. Due to the limited natural availability of these plants, there is [...] Read more.

Plants of the Clerodendrum genus, known for their rich phytochemical profiles, are used in traditional Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Indian medicine to treat various ailments, including inflammation, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cancer. Due to the limited natural availability of these plants, there is a growing interest in utilizing in vitro culture techniques to produce their bioactive compounds sustainably. In this study, the effects are compared of Murashige and Skoog (MS), Woody Plant medium (WP), Gamborg B5 (B5), and Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) basal media on growth, biomass accumulation, and polyphenolic compound production in shoot cultures of Clerodendrum colebrookianum and Clerodendrum trichotomum. The composition of the culture medium significantly influenced the growth and metabolic profiles of both species. C. trichotomum exhibited the highest proliferation potential on WP and SH media, while C. colebrookianum was similar on WP, SH, and B5 media (multiplication factor of about 20). Dry weight accumulation was highest in C. trichotomum grown on SH medium (0.292 g/culture), while C. colebrookianum achieved a comparable biomass on SH and WP media (0.240 g/culture and 0.228 g/culture, respectively). The chemical analysis showed similar secondary metabolite profiles between the two Clerodendrum species with phenylethanoids such as acteoside being the predominant bioactive compounds in hydromethanolic extracts. WP medium was the most favorable for polyphenol accumulation in C. colebrookianum (64.5 mg/g DW), while the SH medium yielded the highest total polyphenol content in C. trichotomum (36.6 mg/g DW). In this study, the importance is underscored of basal medium selection in optimizing the in vitro production of bioactive polyphenolic compounds in Clerodendrum species, providing a foundation for the sustainable and scalable production of these pharmacologically significant metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds, Volume III)

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33 pages, 1703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Photocatalytic Degradation of Enrofloxacin Using an Ecofriendly Natural Iron Mineral: The Relationship Between the Degradation Routes, Generated Byproducts, and Antimicrobial Activity of Treated Solutions

by Sindy D. Jojoa-Sierra, Efraím A. Serna-Galvis, Inés García-Rubio, Maria P. Ormad, Ricardo A. Torres-Palma and Rosa Mosteo

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5982; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245982 - 18 Dec 2024

Abstract

The use of ecofriendly natural minerals in photocatalytic processes to deal with the antimicrobial activity (AA) associated with antibiotics in aqueous systems is still incipient. Therefore, in this work, the capacity of a natural iron material (NIM) in photo-treatments, generating reactive species, to [...] Read more.

The use of ecofriendly natural minerals in photocatalytic processes to deal with the antimicrobial activity (AA) associated with antibiotics in aqueous systems is still incipient. Therefore, in this work, the capacity of a natural iron material (NIM) in photo-treatments, generating reactive species, to remove the antibiotic enrofloxacin and decrease its associated AA from water is presented. Initially, the fundamental composition, oxidation states, bandgap, point of zero charge, and morphological characteristics of the NIM were determined, denoting the NIM’s feasibility for photocatalytic processes. Consequently, the effectiveness of different advanced processes such as using solar light with the NIM (Light–NIM) and solar light with the NIM and H₂O₂ (Light–NIM–H₂O₂) to reduce AA was evaluated. The NIM acts as a semiconductor under solar light, effectively degrading enrofloxacin (ENR) and reducing its AA, although complete elimination was not achieved. The addition of hydrogen peroxide (NIM–Light–H₂O₂) enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby increasing the elimination of ENR and AA. The role of ROS, specifically O₂^•− and HO^●, in the degradation of enrofloxacin was distinguished using scavenger species and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. Additionally, the five primary degradation products generated during the advanced processes were elucidated. Furthermore, the relationship between the structure of these products and the persistence or elimination of AA, which was differentiated against E. coli but not against S. aureus, was discussed. The effects of the matrix during the process and the extent of the treatments, including their capacity to promote disinfection, were also studied. The reusability of the natural iron material was examined, and it was found that the NIM–Light–H₂O₂ system showed an effective reduction of 5 logarithmic units in microbiological contamination in an EWWTP and can be reused for up to three cycles while maintaining 100% efficiency in reducing AA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Novel Photo-/Electrochemical Materials)

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